Investigate the Effect of Varying Solution Concentration on Osmosis in

Investigate the Effect of Varying Solution Concentration on Osmosis in a Potato ChipPredictionA definition of osmosis is the movement of wet system supply supply molecules from anarea of high urine concentration to a low water concentration across asemi-perme suitable membrane (Oxforddictionary 2000).In a high concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) islow. These solutions are usually known as a deprave or weak solution.But in a low concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar)is high. These solutions are usually known as concentrated or strongsolutions.When a weak solution and a strong solution are separated by apartially permeable membrane, the water leave behind move from the area ofhigh concentration to the area of low until both sides are equal. Thisis osmosis, and is shown in the diagram below.Examples of osmosis can also be seen in aliveness cells. Root hairs onplants take in water from the soil via osmosis. Water continuouslymoves along the c ells of the root and up the xylem to the leaf. Wateris moving to areas of lower water concentration all the time. This isshown in the diagram below.Example of Osmosis in a Root Hair CellWhen a cell is placed in distilled water which is high waterconcentration water will move across the semi- permeable membrane intothe cell which has lower water concentration by osmosis, make thecell swell in size. The cell is now known as turgid. If a potato cellwas placed in the same circumstances the cells would profit inlength, volume and mass because of the osmotic personal effects. If the samepotato cells were placed in a solution with a low water concentration,then the effects would be the opposite - water would move out of thecell into the area of lower concentration, the water. Thus, the potatochip will decrease in length, volume and mass. In more extreme cases,the cell membrane would break away from the cell wall and the cell isthen known as plasmolysed.The higher the concentration of wat er in the external solution, thehigher the amount of water that enters the cell by osmosis. Thesmaller the concentration of water in the external solution, thehigher the amount of water that leaves the cell. However, there willbe a point where the concentrations of water inside and outside thecells are equal. This is known as the isotonic point, and at thispoint there will be no change in the length, vo... ...nger, this would have enabled me to find thesaturation point (when the potato can no longer take in any morewater) and dehydration point (when the potato cannot lose any morewater)and therefore get a more precise result.Finally, I could suck out the experiment to a more exact level bylooking at the potato cylinders under a microscope, and then I wouldbe able to see the cells in greater detail and draw some moreobservational results.Further investigations that I could carry out in the future are, victimisationa different variety of potato, for example, a king Edward ratherth an a maris piper. Also I could use a different plant tissue, forexample, a carrot or an apple. Then I could find out whether osmosisoccurs with the same patterns and trends with any vegetable.ConclusionHowever despite this, I think that the experiment I carried out,(given the apparatus I was given to carry out the test) wassuccessful, my results were consistent, and I was pleased with thecomparison of my results with my previous prediction. I followed themethod plan correctly I believe I gained accurate and sufficientenough results to conclude the experiment, and to prove my initialprediction.

Friday :: Germanic Mythology Language Essays

FridayEvery Monday at work, I hear people complaining that they wish it would be Friday already. Everyone waits for this last day of the working week with excitement and eagerness. Friday represents the completion of the week, and at the same time, the beginning of the weekend. The origins of the word Friday take their roots from Norse mythology, when this day mother wit rejuvenation, and at the same time loss, death or completion. In various cultures, this day has numerous meanings and is perceived both positively and with anxiety. The meaning of Friday was preserved by centuries, and today we still use the pagan name of Friday as well as pagan names for other days of the week in the face language. Friday has come a long way from the Anglo-Saxon frigedaeg or from the Old High German Freyja, a goddess of love and affluence. In Germanic mythology Freyja was represent as the goddess of youth, beauty, and sexual love. She was married to Odur, but he left her to travel around the wo rld. Afterward, Freyja was depicted weeping, and her tears were drops of gold. Freyjas most famous possession was her necklace, Brising (necklace of the dwarfs), given to her by the dwarfs in exchange for her having sexual intercourse with them. Often in myths Freyja is accused of having sexual intercourse with many men and gods. Also Freyja is known as a friend of married couples and is very fond of love ditties, and all lovers would do well to invoke her, according to the Prose Edda (Mercatante 264). However, besides being the patron of marriage and goddess of fertility, Freyja is portrayed as the goddess of battle and death. She claimed half of the dead warriors killed in battles and received them in her realm of Folkvang. Odur, her husband, received the other half of warriors at Valhalla. The fact that Friday was held sacred to this goddess of fertility and death signifies that inhabitants of ancient England perceived this day as the beginning and at the same time as the comple tion of their weekly activities, or possibly life. Although in various cultures the meaning of Friday differs, there are numerous similarities, which can be traced down to the common source. In Norse mythology, where paganism dominated religious and pagan settings, Friday was considered to be the day of love and a good day to put a beginning to various activities such as farming or a conception of a child.

The Forgotten Years Of Their Eyes :: essays research papers

Although Hurstons saucy Their Eyes Were Watching immortal is a widely read saucy today, that wasnt al flairs the case. When her novel was first published, many benighted readers were enraged. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscovered and and so eventu aloney brought back into the literary canon. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be forgotten for more than thirty years?One of the most all important(predicate) aspects of the novel that enraged the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the white people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her critique of the white peoples treatment towards the black people. Rather than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabinthe ideal poor, racist white trashmost whites that take sever in the novel atomic number 18 contrarily very helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white phratry for whom nanny worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the while who do by blacks as if they were still slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are portrayed as angels who truly believe in human equality and dont have one bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandmother raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked widThey was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de run and all of us played together (8).Furthermore, by reading Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a footstall of knowledge. According to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superior and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stupid, they should believe and do everything the whites say. For example, Mrs. food turner states that she trusts solely white pay offs because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh allude over mah sick-bedWhite doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a big hurricane coming and the blacks dont invalidate stating that since the whites arent evacuating theres no reason to.The Forgotten Years Of Their Eyes essays research papers Although Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were Watching God is a widely read novel today, that wasnt always the case. When her novel was first published, many black readers were enraged. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscovered and thus eventually brought back into the literary canon. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be forgotten for more than thirty years?O ne of the most important aspects of the novel that enraged the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the white people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her critique of the white peoples treatment towards the black people. Rather than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabinthe ideal poor, racist white trashmost whites that take part in the novel are contrarily very helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white folks for whom Nanny worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the time who treated blacks as if they were still slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are portrayed as angels who truly believe in human equality and d ont have one bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandma raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked widThey was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de place and all of us played together (8).Furthermore, by reading Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a pedestal of knowledge. According to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superior and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stupid, they should believe and do everything the whites say. For example, Mrs. Turner states that she trusts only white doctors because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh hang over mah sick-bedWhite doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a big hurricane coming and the blacks dont evacuate stating that since the whites arent eva cuating theres no reason to.

Techniques Used in Morris Glietzmans Boy Overboard Essay -- essays re

In Morris Glietzmans heart breaking but remarkable book male child Overboard, he arrangements how the corrupt government in Afghanistan has forced out some(prenominal) of its inhabitants making them try to leave the country by avoiding the government and staying in refugee camps until they can leave is in the country. Morris Glietzman shows the pressure put on the families in Afghanistan through with(predicate) similes, metaphors, and humour. The Afghanistan government or the Taliban as they are called, are very harsh and unfair with the laws that are in place in Afghanistan and are not proficient to the families in the country. Woman are treated very unfairly in Afghanistan for minor crimes, and are whipped or killed for a crime such as wake there ankles in public or not being with a male person of there family while outside.Similes are used throughout Boy Overboard to show a comparison in the readers mind. By using a comparison with another obje0ct and using like or as to show this comparison the object can be shown to be something normally not possible for the person or object to be or do. One framework in the story B...

Inevitability Essay examples -- essays research papers

Snap In an instant a disagreement has gotten let out of hand. In one second beliefs have clashed. In a flash an argument has boiled overIn a single moment, your country has bypast to war. Since the dawn of man there have been wars. There has been condescension, discontent, and greed. Since the beginning of time there have been instances of good versus evil. war takes lives. It kills fathers and m differents, br other(a)s and sisters, daughters and sons. War is scary, but it is as necessary as it is inevitable. It is a simple fact that people disagree. Not everyone thinks the equal way, everyone has their own individual opinion on topics, whether they be trivial or vital. People have debates and debates can get out of hand. When words can no longer solve a problem violence enters the picture and when the fray is between large groups of like minded people war erupts. People must not dismiss war as entirely evil. However large war may seem, war gives people jobs. Without war sold iers would not be soldiers, our military branches would be obsolete, people who work in factories that make ammo, guns, Kevlar and all in all other equipment would be out of the job. Without war there would be no need for people who study for years and years to design new vehicles and weapons. Believe it or not war is a vital part of our economy. But war is not just about money. Its not just about jobs and economy. War is how dreams of better things can become a reality. War is how freedom is earned and rights are given. It is through war that Im able to write this radical expressing myself how I wish. It is through war that the United States of America has become the most powerful nation on earth with the highest standard of living. It is through war that irate moms can bash their own president. It is through war that brothers, sisters, fathers, sons and daughters can curse their own country. I cannot stand idly by dapple our country is shared out as an effect of war. Everyday more and more people speak out against their own country and president. Painters paint pictures, singers sing songs, writers write stories and all the while their messages are absorbed by those around them. It has gotten to the point that todays youth has grown hatred towards that which they should proud to be part of. My own sister, on a daily basis, resents her own school. She constantly speaks of ... ...anything can happen. Whenever I turn on the television all I ever see are artists, actors, singers, performers, and other public figures of an influential social stature arguing, for all to see, over subjects they know little about. Constantly there are individuals denouncing the president, and then there are others who detect his decisions blindly. As a people we are obligated to form our own opinions. We must not follow obviously because we are told to. Likewise, we mustnt not follow simply to be contrary.War destroys towns and builds cities. It divides races and get in tou chs nations. War demolishes countries and forges empires. There was a silly damn bird back before Christ, every few hundred years he built a pyre and burnt himself up. But every time he burnt himself up he sprang out of the ashes, he got himself born all over again. And it looks like were doing the same thing, over and over (Ray Bradbury). War can create as much or more than it destroys. At the same moment a life is being taken another life is birthed. War is inevitable and once that is realized maybe then we can unite so that we may preserve that same freedom which allows us to choose whether we unite or not.

Inevitability Essay examples -- essays research papers

Snap In an instant a disagreement has gotten come on of hand. In one second beliefs have clashed. In a flash an argument has boiled overIn a single moment, your country has foregone to war. Since the dawn of man there have been wars. There has been condescension, discontent, and greed. Since the beginning of time there have been instances of good versus evil. state of war takes lives. It kills fathers and m other(a)s, brothers and sisters, daughters and sons. War is scary, but it is as necessary as it is inevitable. It is a simple fact that people disagree. Not everyone thinks the similar way, everyone has their own individual opinion on topics, whether they be trivial or vital. People have debates and debates can get out of hand. When words can no longer solve a problem violence enters the picture and when the language is between large groups of like minded people war erupts. People must not dismiss war as entirely evil. However big(p) war may seem, war gives people jobs. Wi thout war soldiers would not be soldiers, our military branches would be obsolete, people who work in factories that make ammo, guns, Kevlar and alone other equipment would be out of the job. Without war there would be no need for people who study for years and years to design new vehicles and weapons. Believe it or not war is a vital part of our economy. But war is not just about money. Its not just about jobs and economy. War is how dreams of better things can become a reality. War is how freedom is earned and rights are given. It is through war that Im able to write this wallpaper expressing myself how I wish. It is through war that the United States of America has become the most powerful nation on earth with the highest standard of living. It is through war that savage moms can bash their own president. It is through war that brothers, sisters, fathers, sons and daughters can curse their own country. I cannot stand idly by duration our country is divided up as an effect of war. Everyday more and more people speak out against their own country and president. Painters paint pictures, singers sing songs, writers write stories and all the while their messages are absorbed by those around them. It has gotten to the point that todays youth has grown hatred towards that which they should proud to be part of. My own sister, on a daily basis, resents her own school. She constantly speaks of ... ...anything can happen. Whenever I turn on the television all I ever see are artists, actors, singers, performers, and other public figures of an influential social stature arguing, for all to see, over subjects they know little about. Constantly there are individuals denouncing the president, and then there are others who issue forth his decisions blindly. As a people we are obligated to form our own opinions. We must not follow barely because we are told to. Likewise, we mustnt not follow simply to be contrary.War destroys towns and builds cities. It divides races and get togethers nations. War demolishes countries and forges empires. There was a silly damn bird back before Christ, every few hundred years he built a pyre and burnt himself up. But every time he burnt himself up he sprang out of the ashes, he got himself born all over again. And it looks like were doing the same thing, over and over (Ray Bradbury). War can create as much or more than it destroys. At the same moment a life is being taken another life is birthed. War is inevitable and once that is realized maybe then we can unite so that we may preserve that same freedom which allows us to choose whether we unite or not.

Language and motor Development in Early Childhood Essay

Children experience different rates of language and motor development. There are many factors, which contribute to the compliancy that exist in the rates of both developments.There are the social, environment and genetic factors that play a part in childhood development. Children show divers(a) weaknesses both in their physical and social development. As a result of the differences, children there are various strategies that are used to enhance childhood development. contrastive strategies are used depending on a child because every child has unique needs.In the given case where Sara exposes privacy character, various strategies toilet be used to enhance her social fellowship. One of the ways that Sara can be helped is by encouraging her to befriend more sociable child. This would make Sara be influenced by the sociable child to become social. This may take time but after sometimes but after sometimes Sara would galvanise following her friends actions. By this, her confidence ordain also be build up gradually.The child who she is encouraged to be friends with should be younger than she is. This allow help her to be the reach and senior, which go forth help her increase her self esteem. She will be in a position to feel the responsibility and she will learn a fortune because her mind will analyze some situations. This will also help her improve her communication skills. (Cassidy & Asher, 1992).Sara should also be encouraged to join group activities. This will assist her to, as she will require communication and socializing. She will be able to lean to express herself in front of the group members and share her abilities. Her participation will also make her feel proud of her achievements, which will act as one way of boosting her confidence. This process may not be light at the start because she may be hesitant but by being shown that this is a safe activity, she will get attracted.She should be guided to start participating in small groups, which w ill not scare her because she cannot be ignored easily. This will also enhance her chances of leading the group because there will be fewer choices. When she is comfortable in the small group, then the group can be increased in size gradually. This will make her line up to social life in the school and she will finally be able to socialize fully with other children. Sara can also be helped to disclose her loneliness by being given specific tasks.This should be applied at home and in school. (Cassidy, & Asher, 1992).This will help her learn some strategies and techniques, which she can apply when she is undertaking group activities. She should be allowed to undertake the specific tasks alone so that she can realize that she can be trusted. The only thing that is deeded in this case is monitoring so that she does the right thing.A teacher can also assist Sara by looking at how the school broadcast may be helpful to her in developing her social skills. This is because there are child ren who may benefit by being allowed to have opportunities to express their feelings of loneliness or sadness by use of manipulation, music, drawing or use of other creative activities. The strategies will allow Sara to have more positive experiences, which will assist her build her confidence and assertiveness. These two qualities are necessary for a child to be able to develop better social skills (Kontos & Wilcox-Herzog, 1997).ReferencesCassidy, J., & Asher, S. R. (1992). Loneliness and chum relations in young children. Child Development, 63(2), 350-365. EJ 443 494.Kontos, S., & Wilcox-Herzog, A. (1997). Teachers interactions with children Why are they so important? Young Children, 52(2), 4-13. EJ 538 100.

Political disruption, the flight from poverty, and the promise of better prospects Essay

There ar traditions that are unique, and at the same time, these dispose the history that the Mexican Americans who live in the US as opposed to those of the other ethno linguistic groups or rigorously ethnic groups. In essence, this is a great deal that have been conquered. It must be know that this conquering took displace in the classical era, after that the US prevailed in the Mexican- American war that took place from 1846 to 1848. quest this, the US then took to carving aside the American Southwest. This made the US be in a position to inherit close to 80,000 Mexicans.More annoyance set in for the Mexicans, courtesy of the fact that the US continually contravened the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty that existed between the Mexicans and the Americans. Although the Treaty had assured the Mexicans of all their rights being upheld as citizens, yet, the Mexicans failed to benefit from the treaty, given everyplace the fact that Mexicans to a great extent forfeited their rights. For instance, the Mexicans ceded away their land together with their political rights at the hands of Americans. Ways in which Mexican immigrants and splash Bowl refugees forged a place for themselves in Early twentieth-century CaliforniaThe Mexicans and the Dust Bowl refugees made a palace for themselves in the primordial quantify of the twentieth century.The measures that these groups took so as to make a niche for themselves have been discussed forthwith. Their backgrounds The phrase Dust Bowl refers to the US prairie states that underwent ecological and stinting devastations during the 1930s. It is in like manner known well that the problems were as well as experienced by the same group during the 1950s. It is held by historians such as Monroy (2000 P 99) who point out that the problems could be traced back to the offset printing World War.This is a time that saw wheat prices soar. This led to the needs of the Allied Troops besides being adjusted upwards. This type of affairs compelled the farmers to pervert up their efforts in growing more wheat in the prairie states by plowing and seeding these same areas. Some of these states were Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Oklahoma. These states in the times past were purely grazing grounds. Impediwork forcets they faced It is true that when the dust bowl struck the US, it sparked a mass exodus from the states that were affected to California, with these states being Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Oklahoma, among others.This led to the scramble over the little resources that were at that place in California. The placement became so tense to an extent that those who had escaped to California were not welcome there. The backlash from the Californians against the new immigrants eventually culminated into meritless blood between the two parties. Conflicts between the two also materialized. There are a lot of impediments that the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl faced while attempting to get to a place for themselves in the earliest 20th century. In about cases, the problem was that they were not technologically endowed the way their invaders the Americans were.In the first place, the Americans had pukka weapons such as guns and gunpowder. This state of affairs made the Mexicans very susceptible, as guns had the potency to extirpate the lives of the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl by tens of thousands. All these factors that were pegged on soldiery might of the Americans forced the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl into capitulation. At the same time, the Americans carried out the incursion into the land that was being occupied by the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl by employing the use of large animals such as horses.It is held by Gregory (2002 p 122) that the Mexicans and the aborigines who had been living in the US had never seen these huge animals. It is held that these large animals placed the invaders at the time of origin point at the expense of the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl, as this allowed the America ns to move with swiftness. On the other hand, there are historians who point out categorically that the socio- cultural practices and beliefs also contributed as setback to the Mexicans as well in the statement to establish a place for themselves in California in the 20th century.These historians point out at the streams of myths and legends that the Mexicans had at the time of the invasion. An example of these is the Legends of the Quetzal Qoatel that talked of an imminent coming of a deity. This left a gap for the invaders to manipulate the legend by usurping the place of this god. This definitely made the Mexicans and the neighbouring communities to submit easily, thinking that the invaders were the agents of the deities and the deity itself.The mythical beliefs that the Mexicans held about the cosmological elements did also make things a little bit easier for the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl. It is also true that the Dust Bowls also underwent a lot of setbacks due to the environm ental challenges at the time. For instance, since the areas that were being used for grazing wilted, there were spates of plummeted output in agricultural produce. Livestock in large numbers shriveled in size and lost their lives. The fact that the soil remained unprotected only made the authority worse as most of these states succumbed to soil erosion and drought.This challenge of soil erosion was epitomized in 1934 when strong winds blew away into clouds, the fertile soil into huge clouds. The situation recurred in the next succeeding years during the months of December and May. The actions they took to overcome these impediments There are many measures that the Mexicans took so as to overcome the setbacks that stood on their way, in the bid to establish their settlements in the California in the early times of the 20th century. For instance, the Mexicans tried as dexterously hard as they could, to consolidate their political and economic might.This was done by carrying out and m aintaining the Southwest trading between the Americans and the Mexicans. This was done at a time when the interests of the East were still held in high appreciate prior to the takeover. At the time, the Britons and the Europeans had coexisted with and also intermarried with these Mexicans. Kenneth (2002 p 145) says that based on the fact that there was a transition in the US rule, and the inception of the gold rush, there arose the military strength to bring into subdue and expunge the Indian tribes and the increase in the population.The increase on the population at the same time bolstered the chances for the merchants, farmers, origin raisers, and transportation companies. This protracted heavy economic activities engaged the British the Mexican and the European entrepreneurs. As mentioned before, there are those who tried to solve these problems by faulting to areas that are very conducive in supporting human life, courtesy of the being free from the actions and the devastatio ns of the Dust Bowl.At the same time, there are those who assiduous the use of positive measures to tackle the problem that was at hand. For instance, there are those who took to documenting the plight of the refugees. To this effect, in 1935, there was a photographer, Dorothy Lange by the name, who apart from carrying opt the documentary, also faithfully stuck to the cause of the California State Emergency Relief Administration, Rural Division (SERA), a unit that existed as a section of the performed under the trade protection of the Administration of the Federal Relief.In almost the same wavelength, this group also conducted research activities on pertinent matters such as soil erosion and conservation, the most ideal farming methodologies that were to be carried out. There were cases whereby there was also the ratification of the seemingly offensive measures in the attempt to reverse the situation and to thwart the looming cases of overpopulation in California.For instance, the police chief in Los Angeles in a similar effort, dispatched a contingency of 125 policemen who were to carry out the roles of a bouncers along the Californian borders with an general intention of turning away the migrants or the bum brigade who were also known as the undesirables. The move was only nipped in the bud when the general human beings began to question the way in which funds were being dispensed in this project. The success and limits of their adaptation There are constraints and successes that were experienced by the Mexicans and other immigrants who were exhausting to get to California.In the first case, after getting to California, the situation did not get better automatically. The crops that were being grown in California were very contrasting from the ones that were being grown in other regions. This means that the first issue that they were to grapple with is learning painfully that some crops did not fair well in some regions, getting new seeds and new farmin g and tilling techniques, the need and cost to learn new techniques, and competition that was stemming from the skilled Californian aborigines.There are historians who also point out that on arriving California, the immigrants found that the farmland was being monopolized at the hands of large corporate farms. This situation prevented the immigrants from acquiring land for cultivation. The above situation led to a profound economic chasm between the immigrants and the land owners as the former appeared to have and access more land. Conclusion It can therefrom be seen clearly that the American history is full of inconsistencies just like any other countrys history.Perhaps the most memorable bequest that the US history has bequeathed the world is the fact that it later came to assimilate all the ethnic groups that it met in the Americas. This was epitomized when both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments placed all men and women on the pedestal, irrespective of religion, race, co lor or sex. It is on this backdrop that the US is not only a mosaic of many states, but a conglobation of different races. Thus, US unity totally exemplifies the strength and unity in diversity maxim than any other nation on planet earth.

Bisexual Discrimination Essay

Sexuality has in the history of mankind occupied a very important pat of the hostelry. In all history of mankind, it has been heavy(a) to categorize hatful in any other form without ones sex playing an important role. However the problem is not the biological sex differences. The problem is the sex roles the society has allocated to custody and women, making it look resembling there atomic number 18 some things that women can do but men cannot do, and that there are some roles boys can play but girls cannot. This has arrange to be known as gender mainstreaming.This paper examines cissyity in the society and how it has lead to disparity to those who do not subscribe to the majoritys sexual orientations. Bisexuality refers to a situation whereby a person desires to engage in romance or sex with both males and females. However most bisexuals tend to have an affinity for either males or females and it is often rare for a bisexual to balance the desire to both sexes. According to Kinsey Scale (Klein & Wolf, 1985) bisexuals are predominantly heterosexual and incidentally homosexual.Therefore bisexual could be characterized by aesthetic attractions for members of the antagonist sex and does not necessarily have to involve romance or actual sex (Klein & Wolf, 1985). Although bisexuality was in the past confused with hermaphrodites, the term has incur very popular and new terminologies have emerged to further clarify bisexuality. Such terminology include Biphobia which refers to the fear which bisexuals are subjected to by being rejected by mint from mainstream sexual orientations such as heterosexuals and homosexuals who hold that, bisexuality is not an appropriate sprightlinessstyle.Bisexuals are also faced with homophobia which stems from the fear of rejection and dejection by people who only believe in heterosexuality as the only appropriate lifestyle and therefore do not recognize bisexuality as a lifestyle. This leads to the secernment of the bisexu als by heterosexuals who form the corkinger part of the society. According to (Greene, 2000), about 2% of the American populations are bisexuals. This is an indicator that bisexuals form a considerable equalizer of the American society and therefore deserves to be listened to and recognized in all sociable dimensions.Most of the problems being experienced in terms of fighting the discrimination being leveled against bisexuals have got something to do with how the society at large constructs sex. Most people look at life from the dimension of duality (Peplau, & Garnets, 2000), something which leads legion(predicate) an(prenominal) people to have problems comprehending how people can comfortably engage in sexual or romantic relationships with either sex. This has led to stereotypes which in turn have led to discrimination. Bisexuals have been faced by numerous repugns in their endeavor to gain recognition from the society.These challenges mainly stem from the tendency of most bis exuals to have the phobia to come up in the open and reject discrimination while at the same time making their points known to the society. Conflicts dominate most of the bisexuals life spheres like marriage, education and job. Bisexuals in a marriage get it very difficult to open up to their spouses and confess about their sexual orientations in fear of rejection by their partners or outright rejection. This can be very trying moments for bisexuals and therefore many results into living in self-denial.Despite the fact that there are many married people who are bisexual opening up is not something many are ready to do. The reality of divorce does not attract many in that, many bisexuals interact in public as heterosexuals unlike it is the case with homosexuals and heterosexuals where partners something which is widely regarded as infidelity in the society. The other major challenge facing bisexuals is recognition by religious organizations. Most religious sects have a problem recogn izing any other sexual orientation apart from heterosexuality.This presents great challenges to those who happen to be spiritual as it turns that their lifestyles do not agree with their religious doctrines. This is very challenging and is a common source of discrimination for bisexuals. Bisexuals are faced with an identity crisis arising from the above challenges and this is currently a major worry for bisexuals whose right to expression is greatly affected by challenges evident in the religious, social, matrimonial as well as work life. Cultural barrier continues to be a source of discrimination for bisexuals.Most cultures are handed-downly male prevail and the social structures are constructed such that the man is the head of most households (Lane, & Goeltz, 1998). The issue of bisexuality has not quite been received well in most traditional cultures. This presents hardships to bisexuals who wish to lead normal lives as bisexuals but at the same want to fit in the culture. Thi s is evident in schools whereby the education system does not take into consideration the needs of bisexuals but assumes that everyone is heterosexual. This is agonizing for bisexuals whose interests are not well taken care of, which is clearly a source of discrimination.Bisexuals currently come out to be the latest victims of the unending obsession of sexuality in the society. Discrimination on the basis of ones sex occurs when an individual is denied some rights and emancipation on the basis of their beliefs concerning sex and relationship. Usually, sexual discrimination is common in cases whereby the victim belongs to a minority sex group such as bisexuality, and homosexuality. accordant fight for equal rights for homosexuals and heterosexuals led to the recognition of the homosexuals as social bonafide groups.Today in many states, homosexuals can be proud of their sexual orientation, express themselves freely and also seek social rights. Some states recognize and allow homose xuals to marry. It is no longer a big issue for one to be gay or lesbian. The society has now evidently turned the heat on bisexuals. However the reasons for this discrimination are baseless some of the common reasons opponents of bisexuality give are it is awkward, it is backward, and it is strange (Peplau, & Garnets, 2000). These are some of the reasons being advanced by opponents of bisexualism.Clearly, the above reasons are baseless and insufficiency empirical support as they do lack in any legal backing. This has made it particularly hard for bisexuals to lead normal lives not only in colleges but in all spheres of life such as the work confide. Bisexuals are even facing discrimination from homosexuals who having gone through the same experience of discrimination, should be in the forefront of defend and defending the bisexual movement. Unfortunately that is not the case. Homosexuals just like the heterosexuals are not about to relent in their discrimination against bisexual s.This is totally unacceptable and is in direct violation of the rights of the bisexuals. The fact that the bisexuals are only a minority in the community and therefore cannot wage a strong war against discrimination has made bisexuals to continue to suffer unfairly. Sexual discrimination takes a lot of forms and is manifested in the workplace, in accessing education, accessing of job opportunities, as well as in the accessing of social security. The access to opportunities based on sex is discriminatory in that, it favors people from some sexual orientations and oppresses others. In the U.S. , the legislation that protects people from discrimination based on sex is the Title VII, in Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Randen, 2001). The law has been criticized due to the fact that it only addresses issues surrounding sexual harassment that is applicable to the work place but fails to address sexual discrimination in other contexts. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is the other law in the US that co vers those facing or are under threat of sex discrimination. Again, this law like the others only covers some members of the community and does not take good care of bisexual interests. inductionThere is a need for the society to be enlightened in regard to emerging trends in sexual orientations and lifestyles. This is possible through interest groups and the presidency putting in effort in terms of legislations, awareness campaigns, and incorporation of sex education into the education curriculum. All the above measures, will lead to a better understanding of bisexuality and therefore the discrimination currently being directed towards bisexuals is likely to cease. It is possible for bisexuals to overcome the current discrimination, only if the bisexuals continue in the fight against sex discrimination.References Greene, B. (2000). African American Lesbian and Bisexual Women. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2). Klein F. and Wolf T. (1985). Bisexualities Theory and Research. Haworth Press, New York. Lane, R. and Goeltz, W. (1998). Identity confusion, bisexuality, and flight from the mother. Clinical psychology Review, 18(3). Peplau, L. and Garnets, L. (2000). A New Paradigm for Understanding Womens Sexuality and Sexual Orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2 Randen, H. (2001). Bi Signs and Wonders An interview with Robyn Ochs. Journal of Bisexuality, 1(1) 5-26.

Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology

A restless recall ( too known as a kioskular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can identify and receive recollect calls while moving around a wide geographic orbit. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone op periodtor, relinquishing admission fee to the public call off network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station.In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other expediencys such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infr bed, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. industrious phones that adduce these and more than general computing capabilities atomic number 18 referred to as smartphones. The starting line hand-held mobile phone was demonst prescribed by basin F. Mitchell and Dr Martin cooper of Motorola in 1973, employ a handset weighing around 2. 2 pounds (1 kg). From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12. million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the world(prenominal) population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2012, for the runner time since 2009 mobile phone sales to determination users is declining by 1. 7 percent to 1. 75 billion units which is dominated by Samsung for 385 million units (53. 5 percent is smartphones) and Apple for 130 million units of all smartphones. History The first mobile telephone calls were make from cars in 1946. Bell Systems lively Telephone Service was do on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Companys car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October.The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).. John F. Mitchell, Motorolas chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipme nt. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small complete to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchells team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network.Using a nearlywhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, train New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there werent cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio newsman probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. Martin Cooper The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pou nds, leaders to a nickname the brick. The worlds first technical automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech.It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands. In 1991, the hour generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM commonplace, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. hug drug years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications manage streaming media. Consequently, the attention began looking to selective information-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of pelt along improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies bill as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Handheld mobile phonePrior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. 13 Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscri ber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2. 5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1. 75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.John F. Mitchell, Motorolas chief of portable communication products and Coopers boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Analog cellular networks 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987.AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious i ssues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily threatened to eavesdropping via a scanner it was susceptible to cell phone cloning Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were at long last superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. Digital cellular networks 2G In the 1990s, the chip generation mobile phone systems emerged.Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market the europiuman developed GSM standard and the U. S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by utilise digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 00 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the worlds first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, nonepad, email, and a contact lensscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with.It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1. 8 MB memory card into the phone. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger brick phones toward tiny 100200g hand-held de vices. This motley was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage.The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread crosswise all ages. G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finlands Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking.Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Mobile broadband data 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing.Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever inc reasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet duty period rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility * the introduction of several new forward link data judge that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. * pr otocols that would decrease connection establishment time. the ability for more than one mobile to contend the same time slot. * the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt.By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begu n to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet introduction (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capableness. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. some two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones set off were 3G pho nes. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet.The first such devices, known as dongles, plugged straight off into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called compact wireless router such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to six-fold computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasnt needed.Instead, the SIM card c ould be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as netbooks. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbooks footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the quoin from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall. indigene IP networks 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offe red in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of translator calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. Evolution 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2. 5G or 2. 75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. . 5G (GPRS) 2. 5G (second and a half generation) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3 G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2. 5G.GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, multimedia system Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153. kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2. 75G ( bank) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT wiz Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. Duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. An example of a duplex device is a telephone. The people at both ends of a telephone call can speak at the same time, the earphone can reproduce the lecture of the other person as the microphone transmits the speech of the local person, bec ause there is a two-way communication channel between them.Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication two-way street between two connected parties or to provide a reverse path for the monitoring and remote valuation account of equipment in the field. Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just listen. Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby monitors, wireless microphones, radio controlled models, surveillance cameras, and missile telemetry.

African American Oral Tradition Essay

Modern African American Literature was formed under a stressful time for Africans, slavery. The only centering the stories of the indigenous people of Africa were passed down was through oral recollections, or stories of the events. In America this was especially difficult for the slaves because of laws preventing them from experienceing English. By not being allowed to learn English, the slaves had to learn English solely on auditory purposes. This essentially made the slaves illiterate.When the slaves transferred the language that they heard to paper, a new style of language was formed which was referred to as dialect. Dialect is what the slaves thought they heard and the correct spelling of those words, not standard English. Dunbar, who wrote fluently in both standard English and dialect was praised by snowy critics only for his dialect poems, and not praised for his poems in standard English. His literacy works are still alive today, however the dialect works were attached wit h a stigma. normally whites despised the Africans dialect.Therefore, the slaves would not try to publish any type of work with dialect because the slaves did not want to be associated with the stigma. In all, by creating a unique dialect gave the slaves a bilingual type of style. By not being able to write, slaves also made Genres such as, spiritual, folk songs and gospels. Songs such as these were ways of passing down stories to the next generation. These songs also contained secret messages. These messages may have contained information about escape routes or even the underground- railroad.yet most of the songs were spiritual in nature. The songs also progressed through the years. The originals slave folk songs, spirituals, and gospels are now prevalent in modern day fill out and the blues. Martin even gives the example of Hayden, who mixes his song ideas with the ideas of Bessie Smith. Even though African are allowed to read and write, this is a form how their culture is still expressed today. Martin made the fury that the oral tradition is part of the African Americans distinct culture.

Geological Resources In Hong Kong Environmental Sciences Essay

Hong Kong is a lower-ranking particular administrative part located at the southern portion of China. Within a little country, it has a really rich geological diverseness ( Yeung, 2010 ) . The geological diverseness kitty be valued in assorted facets, depending on which parties endure be benefited. Some of the values can be regarded as resources, which can be used to make good to human existences. The geological resources profit our life in different ways, such as in our economic system, society and the environment. In this essay, it is traveling to concentrate how different geological resources benefit Hong Kong masses in indoors inorganizations.When speaking approximately geological resources, most people would believe of mineral ore. in that location be different minerals ores distributed across Hong Kong, both metallic and non-metallic one, such as the lead mine in Lin Ma Hang and the tungsten mine in Needle Hill, but all of them be closed ascribable to no net income ( Sewell, Tang, & A Shaw, 2009 ) . Although the economic system of Hong Kong is no longer based with primary industry now, in that location was a flourishing excavation industrial activeness in the yesteryear. This was the Fe ore located in Ma On Shan which was the lone industrial mine running in a big graduated tabularize of all time in the history of Hong Kong ( Ruan, 2009 ) . The formation of the Fe ore is due to the endogenic procedures, which is described as the followers ( Wu, 2003 ) .The volcanic activities in Ma On Shan country 1000000s old ages ago causes magma invasion. Before the volcanic activity, the type of rocks in Ma On Shan was chiefly sedimentary rock music. The invasion along faults causes chemical reply between the infernal region and the magma, known as contact metamorphism. High temperature and force per unit area modifies the chemical science of the affected sedimentary stones, and go metamorphous stone ( Skarn ) . As the sedimentary stone is more perm eable, H2O infiltrates. Magma heats up the H2O. As hot H2O has higher solubility, it solutes the minerals in the magma and brings to the lower temperature topographic places harmonizing to the constabulary of geothermic gradient. The fluid is known as geothermofluid. Minerals in the geothermofluid sedimentation when the H2O temperature drops, as the solubility of minerals reduces. The perennial procedure causes enrichment of minerals and forms the Fe ore.The environing country of the mine has demonstrable quickly with schools, markets and church building established, to function the mineworkers and their house flips. However, the Fe mine has been abandoned in 1976, go forthing a few mineworkers remaining at that place with empty schools and church ( Ho, 2009 ) . The geological resources in Ma On Shan witnessed the rise and autumn of a topographic point and the people. The topographic point now becomes a site for tourers to boost, to hold merriment and to question the excavation history.Non-metallic mineralBesides minerals that can be sold for net income, rock quarrying and sea sand excavation can non be ignored because they are indispensable for the development of Hong Kong. Hong Kong has rich screen of volcanic stones with 50 % and 35 % of flinty stone ( Geopark, 2009 ) . They are utile for building. There are three preies, managed by CEDD, located in Lam Tei, Anderson Road and Shek O, which are really of import in supplying edifice stuffs for the building beneathtakings ( CEDD, 2009 ) .Furthermore, the stone stuffs are besides used for reclamination in developing the new towns any bit good as for the capital of Seychelles Harbour. The dirt and stone minerals in the suck up country in Tai Tong East were extracted for the building of Tin Shui Wai New Town. Some of the stones in the preies and the sea sand from the sea were used for the reclamination undertakings along the Victoria Harbour. Without these resources to increase the philia of level land, i t is non easy to happen adequate infinites to busy a big sum of population in Hong Kong.Rock quarrying has a really long history in Hong Kong which can be traced back to the yesteryear when the Hong Kong had non yet opened by the British people. During that clip, Hakka people settled in different topographic points in Hong Kong, trusting on rock quarrying for life. One of the noted sites is the Four Hills in the East Kowloon, which are Ngau Tau Kok, Sai Tso Wan, Cha Kwo Ling and miscellany Yue Mun, stand foring the beginning of rock quarrying history by Hakka people in Hong Kong ( Yu, 2009 ) .The Hakka people have use the local stuffs to construct their houses and the stuffs are granite ( Wordie, 2007 ) . The Hakka people besides earned their life through pull outing the granite by manus and sold it. Their stones have become the building stuffs of some of import edifices such as the Legislative Council Building ( Sing Tao Daily, 2007 ) . Some of the stones are sold to Guangzhou to construct the Sacred Heart Cathedral in 1861 ( Wordie, 2007 ) . With such rich in resources, people get richer and the Hakka small towns started to turn. Their rock-mining narrative can be reflected in the Hakka common people vocal either bit good ( Li, 2010 ) . Therefore, the geological resources helped to limit down the foundation of their Hakka civilization in East Kowloon. In add-on, it besides reflects the character of expectantworking of Hakka people and their part to the society development.The chemical weathering of felspar in granite leads to the formation of china clay ( Waugh, 2005 ) . Therefore, kaolin mine can be found in Cha Kwo Ling in East Kowloon every bit good. Another celebrated site utilizing china clay as the beginning for doing China is in a Hakka small town in Wun Yiu in Tai Po. In fact, the call in of the topographic point reflects its economic activity V doing China. Wun Yiu has established since the in-between age of Ming Dynasty ( Chen, 2007 ) . The H akka built a temple to praise the Saint of Potter V Fan Xian ( OA?P ) . Every twelvemonth, the Hakka people in the small town observe its birthday which is a alone civilization in that topographic point ( Chan, 2008 ) . However, due to cut downing militias of china clay, the china-making activities was stopped in 1930s and the villagers changed to farming to gain a life ( Chan, 2008 ) . The jubilation still continues. The geological resources non merely profit the economic system in at that place, but besides of import to their civilization and the societal coherence.AgribusinessBesides direct stuffs extraction, human sorts so indirectly extract the minerals in dirt through agribusiness. Soil is besides an of import geological resource to people. Fertile dirts are normally weathered from fiery stones because pyrogenic stones are formed in the beginning of the stone rhythm ( Troeh & A Thompson, 2005 ) In the beginning of stone rhythm, the stone signifiers from chilling of lava o r magma which keeps most of the minerals. By the procedures of enduring and eroding, the pyrogenic stone will be broken in pieces and transported to other topographic points through erosional agents. During the procedure of transit, the minerals in the pyrogenic stone will be lost to the environment such as solution in H2O. As a consequence, the minerals in the sedimentary stones are few, comparing with pyrogenic stone, so the dirt derived from sedimentary stones is sterile.In Hong Kong, pyrogenic stone has the largest surface screen for approximately 85 % ( Geopark, 2009 ) , so most of the land is suited for the works growing. Generally, the agricultural lands are found on or shut to the pyrogenic stone, particularly the volcanic stones. For illustration, the dirts and the minerals on the mountains in Lam Tusen, which the type of the stone on the mountains is volcanic stone, are carried to the low-lying land to enrich the dirt. Therefore, agricultural activities are active along t he Lam Tusen Valley. Without the volcanic stones, the life of the people in there will be really rough as turning nutrient on an sterile land is hard. For that ground, geological resources, in this instance, are indispensable for the fortitude of human existences.TourismThe weather-beaten and scoured stones are besides geological resources which are of import for the development of touristry. In Hong Kong, there are different landscapes characteristics are associated with different geological procedures. Due to strong predominating air current from the E, it is easy to happen erosional coastal characteristics in the eastern portion of Hong Kong, by the action of touching ridges ( Sewell, Tang, & A Shaw, 2009 ) . In Tung Ping Chau, sea stack, sea cave and wave-cut plan can be found ( Ng & A Chan, 2008 ) . These characteristics provide better-looking sceneries for the tourers to astonish and appreciate.Besides costal eroding, weathering is besides of import in determining the st one characteristics. For illustration in Po Toi, there are a grasp of interesting and typical stone characteristics on the island, such as the Buddhist Monk and the Tortoise Traveling up the Hill ( Ng & A Chan, 2008 ) . These geological resources are recreational musca volitanss for people to bask during vacations. Such characteristics have attracted a batch of tourers from local and abroad, which can assist to advance the local touristry in Hong Kong.Hong Kong has a great geodiveristy and has a possible to set up a Geopark. With the aid of the Chinese Government, the Geopark is officially opened on 3 November 2009 ( Government News, 2009 ) . The geopark is dissever into two chief parts, which are the sedimentary stone parts in the Northeast New Territories and the volcanic stone parts in Sai Kung, with a sum of eight scenery sites ( HKSAR, 2010 ) . In the beginning of six months since the park established, it has attracted more than half gazillion visitants ( Huang, 2010 ) . Th ese tourers spend money on booking boats, engaging a usher, basking the seafood on the outlying islands and purchasing traditional seafood from the villagers. In add-on to the outgos passing outside the park, the gross generated from touristry due to the geopark, is expected about 200 million dollars a twelvemonth ( Ming Pao, 2010 ) . With the use of the geological resources, it contributes to our economic system development and provides occupations chances for the local people. It can heighten the image and repute of touristry industry of Hong Kong every bit good ( Huang & A Weng, 2009 ) .Education and scientific researchFurthermore, these sites have instruction and scientific values to people. For instruction intents, these geological landforms provide a platform for people and particularly the childs to understand the endogenic procedures and exogenetic procedures in determining the Earth surface. It is astonishing to cognize the power of the Nature. The characteristics will non be formed in the manner the fables told us, such as the Amah Rock was formed because the God turns the adult female and the babe into stone ( Cai, 2009 ) . In fact, the formation of the Amah Rock is due to different sorts of enduring procedures acted on granite. Another illustration is Ma Shi Chau Special Area where is a best topographic point for geographics lesson, as sedimentary stones, coastal landforms, turn uping and blaming can be found on this small island ( Wong, 2009 ) . Therefore, the geological resources help us to heighten our physical geographics cognition.For scientific values, the research workers and experts can understand the development of the Earth history through reading the stone samples. By understanding our yesteryear, the geological history of Hong Kong can be reviewed and so it can be used to foretell the hereafter. The environmental alteration can be identified as good, such as low-lying rise and clime alteration. They are utile for environmental modeli ng for scientific research. Other geological history, the human sort history can be studied, as the dirt under the surface keeps the artefacts for the archeologists in future to delve them up.In add-ons, geodiversity avers biodiversity, through supplying nutrients for workss and home grounds for animate beings ( Ng, 2006 ) . By understanding of the maps of stones and their relationship, it can increase the general consciousness that protecting stones is a manner to protect the natural ecosystems. Therefore, the geological resources are important in assisting instruction and scientific research.Burial thingsThe geological resources can lend the society through supplying topographic points to bury our refuse. In Hong Kong, happening a topographic point to bury our tremendous refuse produced every twenty-four hours is hard. Presently, the society has a hot argument on the issue of spread outing the landfill site in Tseung Kwan O, doing the authorities in a hard state of affairs ( Guo , 2010 ) . Other than burying refuse, burying dead organic structures is another job that the authorities has to cover with. The deficit of infinites for hive awaying ashes is limited. Some lands are converted into ash Fieldss by some private developers to gain net income, even though some of them have non received permission from the authorities ( Cheung & A Wong, 2010 ) . In order to work out the jobs, the direction of the geological resources V land, has to be careful to avoid farther complications.Legends and civilizationFinally, some of the typical stone characteristics has become a fable or being praised for its supernatural power. For fable, the Amah Rock is an illustration. One of the illustrations is the Lovers Rock in Bowen Road in the Mid-level. During the Chinese Valentine Day, a figure of people would see Lovers Rock to wish a durable relationship or hold a boy- or girlfriend ( Lu & A Mai, 2003 ) . For Lion Rock, it realizes a sense of properties and a contemplation to the character of Hong Kong people. The geological resources provide a platform for people s imaginativeness and creativeness. It besides gives belief to people who are confused or without confident. Therefore, it contributes to our psychological science.DecisionTo reason, the geological resources are rich in this small metropolis. There are metallic and non-metallic minerals which support the local civilization, economical development and the infrastructural buildings. The typical landforms encourage touristries and so provide occupation chances. The geological characteristics can ease the instruction and scientific research. Last, the legendised stone characteristics give some cultural values to Hong Kong. These resources are indispensable to our day-to-day life as we depends it for money, nutrient, lodging and besides the psychological demands. Therefore, the geological resources should be treasured as they belong to each of us in Hong Kong. We have to collaborate together to protect them before it is excessively late.

Flexible Learning Essay

Education is a broadly debated topic, now there is a brisk concept emerging, flexible nurture. This essay provide discuss what is understood by this term and how it could affect the management of the future in education. moreover it will discuss how flexible learning has in use(p) technology and how it has made education more entranceible and equit fitted. Next it will demonstrate how individual students wear benefited through the use of technology with flexible learning, and how students are able to be the primeval focus of their own education.Technology brings with it many advantages for the future of education, however not without some setbacks, this essay will also discuss these. This essay will argue that because of the increasing accessibility and improvements in technology, flexible learning should be the way of the future in education. on the table learning is quickly becoming the way of the future for education, as it engages and implements the use of sophisticated technology. According to George and Luke (cited in Andrews & Ferman 2001) flexible learning is a multi-directional approach to learning using different methods of delivery.On the other hand, Nunan (cited in Andrews & Ferman 2001, p. 2) considers that flexible delivery is often taken to mean the same liaison as increasing flexibility in learning. Summarising Harmes (2010) explains flexible learning engages technology, allowing the use of the internet, e-mail, and other digital interactive technology. It also allows the student to freely access online lectures and train material and more importantly it enables teachers to position the student as the central focus of the learning figure.This can be seen at universities including the relatively new University of Queensland campus at Ipswich who are using technology to promote flexible learning. It was in fact the purpose built with this in mind and included computer rooms, a self-directed learning centre and even wireless laptops (An drews&Ferman 2001). Another example of flexible learning is discussed by Huijser, Bedford and Bull (2008) who describe the Tertiary Preparation program (TPP) this is a course which is accessed online and on-campus.TPP students can engage in online lectures, Wimba classrooms and forums, translate material can also be submitted online and feedback returned to student, again online. Using technology students have engaged in flexible learning all over Australia, including international students. Furthermore TPP is currently funded by the government making it free this allows students to prepare for higher study prior to investment. The outcome of this should be a higher intake of fee paying students, which in turn should lead to increased government funding for universities.Flexible learning through technology has made education more accessible and therefore equitable. Harmes (2010) discusses how the internet has increased the number of students to able to study degrees through online study material and lectures. As a result of technological advances the world has become a world(prenominal) village and students can participate in a global classroom. Worldwide opportunities using technology and flexible learning should be funded locally (Zhao 2009).Ultimately this will enable there to be proximity through distance, and will allow students to study any period and anywhere, thus making education more equitable explains Harmes (2010). There are students from as far away as remote western Australia studying through the University of Southern Queensland (USQ). They are able to access all the lectures and tutorials online, and USQ plans to offer many more academic programs online by 2012 (The Chronicle 2009). Technology is the dick used to provide a facility for a teacher facilitated, learner centred environment (Bonanno, 2005).It is only through the many improvements and advances in technology that education has been so accessible and with it flexible learning has b een implemented. Flexible learning has made education more accessible because, study is teacher facilitated and enables the student to be positioned as the central focus of education. According to Harmes there are many benefits of flexible learning, students are able to access their study any time they like, and this means that they are able to co-ordinate study around work and family life. The flexibility that technology provides has enabled students to study at their own pace (Andrews Ferman, 2001).Additionally students have a sense of exemption with their study, slotting it in whenever they please. Knowles (cited in Choy and Delahaye 2002) researched how adult learners are more likely to be make and experienced in life, and that they are ready to embrace learning with deeper time lag and understanding. Knowles (1973) continues by discussing how this self-driven learning is assisted through flexible delivery and how students benefit from a mature independent approach to educatio n with the option for teacher suffice when needed.As a result of this Bonanno suggests that with good self-discipline and time management students are able to have freedom and access to study anytime and place, thus enabling many styles of learning. Technology has increased the flexibility that students have, thus allowing greater access to education. Despite the fact that education has embraced technology, there are still some problems which must be resolved. According to Ralston (1999) it appears that although many have embraced technology for learning, there are still many who are either too afraid to or do not have the skills and confidence to do so.Furthermore he suggests that that those who do not attempt to engage technology will be severely disadvantaged, because the ordinal century is the age of technology. Andrews and Ferman (2000) noted on their study of the University of Queensland, -Ipswich campus that many students found the course material limited, that there was a inadequacy of structure, and there were also a significant number of technical difficulties.Additionally Bonanno (2005) discusses some of the disadvantages of technology and states that the learner can easily lose motivation partly due to a lack of classroom spirit and teacher facilitated learning. Technology can be out of date or difficult to understand and often it can be confusing and sometimes it can just be that there is no technical support available. Bonannos (2005) comments that many problems occurring are learner related and that in put up to be successful the learner must be self-motivated and have a reasonable degree of self-competency.She also comments that the facilitator or teacher must be motivated as well and be able to produce engaging study material for the student to work with they must also be able to direct, take care and support students. Despite some complications, changes in technology help to make sure education is more accessible and equitable. Univer sities are able to capture large numbers of students enabling more funding from the government. Students are able to be in control of their own education pathway and are able to be flexible about when and where they choose to study.Students can also choose to study gregariously in online classrooms and even traditional classrooms. Problematic areas will in time be improved as technology upgrades on a daily basis including faster internet options. With this evolving technology peoples knowledge and experience will increase and in time student numbers and study options will grow. It is realistic that flexible learning will be and indeed should be the way of the future in education and that there will be a worldwide classroom.

Management and Work Culture Essay

Instrumental to grapple SWOT analysis, and 3. Plan and build strategy based on the work culture How to develop strategical and operational plans by knowing work culture It is integral part of any individual, and organization. It describes shared place of an organization. It seconds anyone to understand how things are done. Here is my cultural preferences well resourced, ethical, and teamwork centered.Knowing my ideal work culture, I mickle do better planning and formulate the strategies for an organization. My cultural preferences Necessary resources to do high standard work. victimization advantages of available resources, one can do better job of delivering projects with high quality standards. Active progress of equal rights and justice for all. It will create a culture to grow with the company attitude. Fairness among the employees and employer makes everyone corporate trust each other and the employer. Emphasis on social and environmental responsibility. In this culture, w ork and life poise here.Social and environmental responsibility culture will help employees more committed to the employer. Because organization is not just focusing on profit itself but also understand human values and help communities around them. Interdependence. Culture of interdependence makes everyone connected, and emphasis the important of collaboration surrounded by them. It results toward high level of performance, innovation, and productivity. favorable and supportive colleagues. Friendliness and supports among colleagues is highly important for employees to challenge themselves, confront each other, and share the knowledge between them.Essential Competencies to Conducting (SWOT) analysis Strategizing competency is one of the most essential to do SWOT analysis. Steps to deal SWOT analysis 1. Identify mission statement and goals, 2. Review of internal strength and weaknesses, and 3. To find outside opportunities and threats that affect the business or an organization. How my competencies relate to the essential competencies for conducting a SWOT analysis Based on competencies and career interests profiler, my strength are 1.

How Democratic is Britain? Essay

In this essay I will be looking at the democracy in Britain, but firstly I would like to be legitimate that it is clear what democracy means. Democracy is when on that points a system of government, whose representatives soak up been elected by the population. This means that the society is able to choose themselves, they have freedom of speech and views. The opposite of this is Dictatorship, this is when a normal has total power over a country, a person who tells tribe what to do in an tyrannical r tabue or who determines behaviour in a particular ara. Politics is concerned with power differences at every levelling society its virtually negotiation and decision making at heart individuals at a personal level, groups at a personal level and groups at a national level.This guinea pig is a topic that many sociologist argon interested in, they necessitate to find out how democratic Britain is beca implement everything sociologists study are joined to each different and thi s topic is linked to equality in society. Sociologist want to know if our society is as equal as its said to be, but we all know that in our society thither isnt total equality.One of the important principles of democracy is that we are able to participate in the policy-making process in order to make our views known. We do this by voting, joining a political fellowship and writing to the press or our M.P.s. We have a Parliamentary democracy, this means that theres a system where leaders are selected to represent the people through elections. These are the Members of Parliament (M.P.) who are elected.The British system has a number of fixed posts, these posts holders are the civil servants, the lords and the judges. These are the three main institutions of the situate and the or so powerful groups in society. The role of the assign is to act as an umpire or commentator rather than side with one party over another.The business with this is that most of the people who work for the state are middle and upper class and all seem to share the same views about the counseling society should be run. This means that not all views are being represented their views are elitism. due(p) to this critics repugn that Britain is not democratic beca use up we have an unelected House of Lords and a Hereditary Monarchy. In this system there are three types of power and three types of authority that Max Weber drew out, Economic power, animal(prenominal) power and Non-co-operative power, traditional authority, charismatic authority and heavy authority. Economic power is when money has lead person to power, it can reach to the point were theres exploitation. Physical power is taken over person using physical force over someone more vulnerable to them. Non-co-operative power is when someone refuses to view what the person in power order therefore the one who refuses will become empowered themselves.Traditional authority is when it is accepted because its always been do ne that certain way, its traditional within the culture. Charismatic authority is when a person has something special about them in their personality that the public is drawn to. Legal authority is accepted because it is the law, you can be sent to prison for disobeying the law.There are three factors about the state that seem to support Marxs view, they are 1. most Mps are white. 2. most of them are from the middle class and 3. most of them are men.Due to this many groups are no long-dated voting because they feel their views are not represented or they feel that there is racism, sexism and bias within the political system.The pluralists argue that the states approach is towards everyone in society. Including the different ethnic groups, all ages, all genders and all other groups that exist in society. Political power is spread a spread among these groups. Unlike the conflict who argue that the states approach is towards those who have had a privileged education and background. Th os who are in the senior(a) possessions such as the judiciary. They gestate that the policies benefit the bourgeoisie and ruling class.For this reason is why pressure groups have a very important role in maintaining democracy in Britain. Pluralists have a substantiating role of them. They help politicians keep in touch with the wishes of the public. They provide the government with the expert information.There are links between our voting behaviour and our social class, ethnicity, age and gender. People pick out for the party that the beat out represents their views or interests, these views and interests are brought to us by the way we are socialised. We get these views and interests through the way we are socialised, we get deflectd through our families, our peer groups and the media influence our political views and attitudes on politics. I feel that the media is the main influence in our political socialisation in the media because it influences our lives in everything.The media often use Spin and Spin Doctors they use these in campaigns to persuade us to vote a particular way. Spin and Spin Doctors are use to either catch out the opponent by using images or interviews were they look as if they were exhalation against what they said they would do in their manifesto, for example printing a certain phrase they said out of context so they look bad. If they are unable to do this they might make up things up about them and use it to get the public to vote for them. These techniques are a type of propaganda because they want you to believe something that is not exactly true but as long as they look like the best ones it doesnt matter.I have come to my conclusion of this essay, I believe that Britain is democratic because we get to vote in the Members of Parliament who are there to represent us. But there is a minority of people who have an incredible power within our government who make Britain and undemocratic country because its up to them to pass a la w or any other decisions. This wouldnt be a problem if they thought the way the nation do but their backgrounds have a great influences in the way they think and their thoughts are very different to ours. I dont agree with the present parliamentary system because those who are involved in the system are elite, I think that if they wanted a true democratic Britain they would bring in a new system to vote in who we want to be at the top deciding what the right thing would be for our society, including the royal monarchy.

Export Import

bit and export of goods play a vital graphic symbol in all the economy. That too, India is a developing artless, the role of export and trade are of greater emphasis. There must be a free rate of flow of exports and imports in order to improve the economy. But, the free flow should non affect the economy. So, the visualize all over import and export of goods become the need of the hour.Regulation mandated by a severalise attempts to pee outcome which might not otherwise occur, produce or prevent outcomes in different places to what might otherwise occur, or produce or prevent outcomes in ifferent datescales than would otherwise occur. In this way, regulations poop be seen as implementations artifacts of insurance policy statements. The economic science of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analyzed in regulatory economics. Development of economic legislation is of comparatively recent origin.Reserve coast of India was established in 1935 to culti vate control over banking and fiscal activities. Need to control economic activities finished legislation arose during the Second World War to face shortages. Price and distri moreoverion controls were established on arious prerequisite commodities under(a) the Defense of India proceed, 1939 (later converted into Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act of 1946 and Essential commodities Act in 1955). Foreign sub Regulation Act, 1947 was functioned to control the difficult position of impertinent exchange. Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 provided for industrial licensing and registration.MRTP Act was passed in 1969 to exercise control over monopolies, unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 was passed as a event to growing sickness in industries. Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 was passed to establish a statutory body (SEBI) to exercise control over rapidly growing cap ital market. Earlier, capital issues (control) Act, 1947 was used to exercise control over capital issues. This Act was scrapped aft(prenominal) the formation of SEBI. As inter discipline business is growing, importance of controls over foreign trans military actions is growing.The main bearing of economic legislation is to support the economic policies of the Government. b. to exercise control over economic activities. to cling to consumers from unscrupulous somebodys. d. To prevent bad side effects of the development. India decided to follow Russian model of controlled economy and leading role to public sector. Various Acts were passed atter 1947 to suppo t rt nese ideals. T envisaged various controls, licensing etc round Acts like Essential Commodities Act. FERA was designed to support shortage economy, where supply was less compared to demand. These economic policies were totally changed in July 1991.It is ironical that through the policies have changrd, the old Acts still continue. Though some amendments to FERA, MRTP Act etc have been do, the staple fibre philosophy of these Acts (i. e) controls and licensing continues. Luckily, the Acts provided so much flexibleness in framing policies that these old Acts provided so much flexibility in framing policies that these old Acts designed for different purposes and with entirely different concepts send packing be in fact are being used to implement new policies. Indeed the new policies are against canonic philosophy of the old economic legislation.The country which is purchasing the goods is known as the importing country and the country which is selling the goods known as exporting country. The traders involved in such transaction are importers and exporters respectively. In India, exports and imports are regulated by Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, which replaced the meanings and exportings (control) Act, 1947, and gave the Government of India enormous powers to control it. B esides the FTDR Act, at that place are some other rightfulnesss which control the export and import of goods. These include - a. -rea Act, 1953 b.Coffee Act, 1942 The Rubber Act, 1947 The Marine Products Export Development Authority Act, 1972 e. The Enemy Property Act, 1968 The Export (Quality discipline and Inspection) Act, 1963. g. The tobacco Board Act, 197513 IMPORT RESTRICTIONS Control over the import ot the goods in to India is exercised by the Import Trade Control Oragnisation, which functions under the ministry of commerce. This rganisation is supervised by the director General of foreign trade station at New Delhi, who is assisted by supernumerary and Joint director cosmopolitan and by other licensing authorities at various centers.Current import policy is embodied in the export and import policy book out by the DGFT. CUSTOMS ACT, 1962 naval division 12(1) of the custom Act is the charging section which provides for imposition of a duty called impost duty levied as per the customs Tariff act 1975, or each other law for the time being in crash on the goods imported in to India or exported out of India. The objects of Customs Act are i) To regulate imports and exports. To protect domestic industries from dumping. iii) revenue in the form of customs duty and indirect tax. iv) legislations such as FTDR and FEMA.To ingest To assist allied By virtue of the power conferred under Secl 56 of the Customs Act 1962 primeval Govt is empowered to make rules consistent with the provisions of the Act. Similarly by virtue of its powers conferred under Sec157 of the Act , the key Board of Excise and Customs(CBEC) has been empowered to frame regulations( Customs House Agent Regulations) EXPORT & IMPORT PROHIBITIONS Secl 1 of the Customs Act 1962 gives powers to central government to prohibit import or export of goods . Such a restraint can be absolute or nail downal.Absolute prohibition destines an importer is totally prohibited in importing/exporting th e subject goods. Some of the goods prohibited from time to time are narcotic drugs, explosives, digest or dead animals birds, arms and ammunition, counterfeit currency notes. On the other hand, conditional prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition is subject to certain conditions imposed. A conditional prohibition would attract in a case where the importer is prohibited in selling/trading the imported goods but can only use the ame as a raw material for manufacture.Some item like wool, turmeric, onion, minatory pepper, tea, etc are allowed to be exported only after they are graded by designated authorities. In terms of Sec. ll (2) of the Customs Act, 1962, the prohibition may among other things relate to the following i) Maintenance of warrantor of India. Prevention of smuggling saving of foreign exchange and safeguarding balance of payments. Prevention of serious injury to domestic production of goods. v) Protec tion of national treasures. Maintenance of public order and standards of decency and morality. vii)Protection of IPR (Patent/Trademark/Copyright) viii) Any other matter conducive to the interest of general public. Sec. 2 (33) of the act defines prohibited goods means whatsoever goods the import or export of which is subject to each prohibition under this act or either other law for time being in force but doesnt include any such goods in respect of which the conditions subject to which the goods are permitted to be imported or exported, have been complied with. Therefore, the prohibition under Customs Act applies to prohibition under any other law in India. ) Ancient Monument Prevention Act prohibits/ restricts antiquities e imported or exported without licence. b) Arms and ammunition cannot c) Wildlife Act prohibits certain exports- red sandal wood (which are used in kernel East countries for making musical instruments) d) Environment Protection Act prohibits export of some ite ms. At the time of import of goods the customs authorities will first check whether the items imported is prohibited / restricted or subject to conditional import, before allowing clearance of the goods.Similarly at the time export also the goods are disposed(p) let export order only after they are checked with the reference to restrictions/ rohibitions. If such goods are assay to be smuggled the goods are liable to seizure/ arrogation and the offender liable to penal action including arrest / prosecution under the Customs Act. The word confiscation implies appropriation consequential to seizure. The essence and concept of the confiscation is that after confiscation the property of the confiscated goods vest with the central govt.Secl 1 1 of the Act provides for confiscation of improperly imported goods. The goods brought from a place outside India shall be liable for confiscation. Sec. 111 (d) says any goods hich are imported or seek to be imported or are brought within the Indi an Customs waters for the purpose of being imported, contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this act or any other law for the time being in force. Secl 13 of the Act deals with confiscation of goods essay to be improperly exported .The export goods shall be liable for confiscation under sec 113 (d) says any goods attempted to be exported or brought within the limits of any customs area for the purpose of being exported contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this Act or any other law for time being in force. COFEPOSA, 1974 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and prevention of smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) was passed in 1974 when foreign exchange position in India was bleak and smuggling was beyond control.In view of recent liberalisation, the Act has lost its significance. The Act gives wide powers to executive to detain a person on mere indecision of smuggling (the draconian provisions of the act can be compared with provisions of TADA, where a person can be i ncarnated in Jail merely for possessing a illegal weapon and having acquaintances with some underworld elements, without any proof of direct involvement in terrorist activities). The acts like COFEPOSA, TADA, etc are criticized on the ground that they violate primary human rights.Freedom of a man can be taken away under such Acts, without legal scrutiny and safeguards. The act has been given special protection by including the same in the 9th schedule to constitution. The rigor of COFEPOSA particularly section 5A and SAFEMA smugglers and foreign Exchange Manipulators (forfeiture of property) Act 1976, have been upheld in Attorney General of India Vs. Amaratlal PraJivandas4. A 9 member bench SC order. Thus, individual civil liberties can be curtailed for national security and in national interest.Under provisions of the act, a Government officer, not below the rank of Joint repository in case of central Government and Secretary in case of State Government, who is specifically pe rmit by central or state government for that purpose, is authorised to order detention of a person (including a foreigner) with a view to prevent him from acting in any manner prejudicial to conservation or augmentation of foreign exchange, or to prevent him from smuggling or abetting smuggling of goods, or transporting, keeping conceling or dealing in smuggling goods or harbouring persons engaged in smuggling ot goods. section. ). where an order ot detention is made by state government officer, it should be reported to central government within 10 days. (Section. 3 (2)). When detention is ordered by central government, central govt. is appropriate government. When detention is ordered by state government, that govt. is appropriate government. The significance of this definition is that the Appropriate government has to make a reference to advisory board form for the purpose of COFEPOSA and take action as per decision of advisory board.Appropriate government also has powers to revok e a detention, release a person temporarily, etc SAFEMA, 1976 Another act relevant to COEPOSA is SAFEMA smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of property) Act, 1976. The act applies to persons convicted under customs Act, FERA and to those detained under COFEPOSA. The purpose of the act is to forfeit the illegally acquired properties of the smugglers and foreign exchange manipulators. Property can be forfeited merely on the ground that he is detained under COFEPOSA.However, in case of customs and FERA, property can be forfeited only if a person is convicted under these Acts. An appellate motor hotel has also been formed for this purpose. COFEPOSA is dreaded Act similar to TADA. It permits detention of a person even without a charge. Since the powers are extraordinary, generally courts are strict about the conditions decreed in respect of detention. FOREIGN cunning (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, 1992. The FTDR Act is designed to develop and regulate foreign t rade by facilitating imports in to India, and augmenting exports from India, and for matters connected therewith.The striking features of the Act are as follows 0 It has empowered the Central Government to make provisions for development and regulation of foreign trade by acilitating imports into, and augmenting exports from India and for all matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 0 The Central Government can prohibit, restrict and regulate exports and imports, in all or specified cases as well as subject them to exemptions. 0 It authorizes the Central Government to formulate and announce an Export and Import (EXIM) Policy and also amend the same from time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette. It provides for the appellative of a manager General of Foreign Trade by the Central Government for the purpose of the Act. He shall advise Central Government in formulating export and import policy and implementing the policy. 01Jnder the Act, every importer and exp orter must concur a Importer Exporter Code Number (EC) from Director General of Foreign Trade or from the officer so authorised. The Director General or any other officer so authorised can suspend or cancel a licence issued for export or import of goods in accordance with the Act.But he does it after giving the licence holder a reasonable opportunity of being heard. PENALTY Export or import in violation of provisions of the act, rules or policy is an offence. Penalty up to five multiplication the value of goods can be imposed. The contravening goods and conveyance carrying the goods are liable to confiscation. The goods and conveyances confiscated can be released by pay redemption charges equal to market value of such goods or conveyance.Conveyance will not be confiscated if it is possessor proves that the conveyance was used without his knowledge or ne took reasonable precautions against its misuse. Penalty and confiscation can be ordered by Adjudicatory authority. APPEAL Appeal against the order of DGFT for refusing of suspending or cancelling code umber or licence or imposing penalty can be filed within 45 days with prescribed authority. Appeal can be filed only on payment of penalty imposed, unless appellate authority give with such pre deposit (Section. 5 of FTDR). Central Government can call and examine any records and pass revision orders in some cases (section. 16 of the act). SETTLEMENT A person can opt for small town by admitting contravention in the following Contravention was without willful mistake or without any circumstances. a. collusion, travesty or without intention to cause loss of foreign exchange. b. Person mporting has not misutilised the imported goods, but condition of Actual user or Export obligation have not been satisfied.