Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts

Plant Physiol. (1984) 75, 142-one hundred forty-five 0032-0889/84/75/0 142/04/$01. 00/0 Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts into Chloroplasts in spud Tubers Received for publication November 9, 1983 and in revised form January 19, 1984 YU S. ZHU, DENISE L. MERKLE-LEHMAN, SHAIN D. KUNG* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland 21228 get up The displacement of amyloplast into chloroplasts in white murphy vine (Solawum genus Tuberosum L. ) genus Tuber tissue can be induced by sporting.Excised stump spud tuber discs illuminated with white unfounded of 3000 lux bepgn to synthesize chlorophyll by and by a dispose period of 1 day, and continued to synthesize chlorophyll for 3 weeks. In this paper we present evidence, base on ultracentrifugal bank deposit and immunoprecipitation, that the lightmediated entailment of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase began 1 day after illumination with white light. When illumin ated the chloroplasts obscure from light-grown potato tuber tissue incorporated I3SImethionine into polypeptides, one of which has been idenified as the galactic subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.These chloroplasts are functional as determined by 02 evolution in the Hill reaction. A great deal of data is now available on the biochemistry of the development of chloroplasts from etioplasts (6). Much less is known about the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, a starch storing organeile, which exists in store tissue, roots, and some callus. It is well known that potatoes duty tour green on image to light for several days.Not only does the study of the organelle transformation and light-regulated gene port stimulate suppositional concern, merely the greening of potato also has some practical importance, since the greening of the potato is accompanied by the formation of the poisonous alkaloid, solanine (5). The morphological and ultrastructural change s in the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts were described in several negatron microscopic studies (3, 11). In this communication we present some biochemical evidence to show the function of chloroplasts from potato tuber based on the biogenesis of Chl, RuBPCase,2 and Hill activity. lates in sterile Petri dishes (9 cm), 40 discs per dish. The discs were illuminated at means temperature by fluorescent tubes with intensity of 3000 lux. Chlorophyll and RuBPCase Determination. Chl was determined according to Arnon (2). RuBPCase was detected with a Model E analytical ultracentrifuge, as previously described (9). Schlieren pictures were taken at 44,770 rpm, 10 min after attaining this speed. An Ouchterlony two-baser diffusion test was employed to determine the RuBPCase specifically. The antiserum was prepa blushing(a) against RuBPCase from tobacco (15).Light-Driven Protein Synthesis in Choroplasts. Ten g of green potato tuber discs which had been exposed to white light for 7 d were homogenized in a Waring Blendor with cold isolation buffer (sucrose 0. 35 M, Hepes-NaCl 25 mm, EDTA 2 mM, isoascorbateNa 2 mm, pH 7. 6) and filtered through with(predicate) 2 layers of Miracloth. The resultant filtrate was centrifuged at 30g for 1 min to remove starch granules, and the supernatant was consequently centrifuged at 2500g for 1 min. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of KCI suspension (KCI 0. 2 M, Tricine-KOH 66 mm, MgCl2 6. 6 mM).The chloroplast suspension was transferred to a Petri dish (3 cm in diameter) and incubated with 135Smethionine (10 ,uCi) at room temperature under white light (4000 lux). During a 2 h incubation, the incorporation of 35Smethionine into proteins was measured. After the 2 h incubation the radioactive polypeptides were degage on an SDS-polyacrylamide gradient jelly (815%), followed by fluorography as described by Blair and Ellis (4). 02 Evolution Assay. The ability of chloroplasts from potato tuber discs to evolve 02 was measured in t he Hill reaction ccording to the procedure of Marsho et al. (12). The incubation dust consisted of ferricyanide 1. 7 mm, methylamine 3 mm, glyceraldehyde 10 mm, and chloroplasts corresponding to 15 yg of Chl in a total volume of 0. 6 ml. The reaction was initiated by irradiation with red light (22. 4 mw/cm2). The 02 evolution was measured and recorded with a polarograph. RESULTS MATERIAILS AND METHODS Chlorophyll Synthesis in Light-Illuminated Potato Tuber. Our Preparation, Culture, and Light Treatment of Potato Tuber experiments showed that the greening of potato tuber depended Discs.Centennial and Katahdin, two varieties of potato tubers on varieties, storage temperature, light intensity, and wavelength supplied by the linked States Department of market-gardening were of light. Out of more than ten varieties of potatoes tested, two utilize in this study. The tubers were peeled and sterilized with varieties, Centennial and Katahdin, which turn green more Amphyl (National Labora tories, Lehn and Fink Industrial Prod- quickly under light, were selected in this study. Storage of potato ucts component part of Sterling Drug Inc. , New Jersey).Discs (10 x 2 tuber below 4C retard or inhibited the transformation of mm) were made with a sterile cork borer and a gel slicer. These amyloplasts into chloroplasts. Blue light was most effective in discs, after washing in sterile water, were placed on 1% agar inducing greening of potato tubers. No red light comment was observed. Potato tuber discs illuminated with white light began to green Supported by National Institutes of wellness grant CM22746-01 and with a lag period of about 1 d. The greening continued for 3 United States Department of Agriculture agreement 58-32044157. 2Abbreviations RuBPCase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase weeks after culture (Fig. 1). After illumination for 3 weeks, the potato tuber tissue contained 10 Ag Chl/g of fresh tissue, about LS, rotund subunit. 142 TRANSFORMATION OF AMYLOPL ASTS IN white potato TUBERS 143 14 octL 15 a) 121 10 101 5 C-) 8 x 0 ct D old age After Illumination FIG. 1. Time course of the tax write-off of chlorophyll in potato tuber discs during day-and-night illumination with white light. lAt D By 0 15 I .. AAt L i _x- 60 long hundred 90 Time (min) FIG. 3. Incorporation of 35Smethionine into proteins in the lightdriven chloroplast protein synthesis system. -M1 samples were added to 20% TCA containing 10 tg/ml unlabeled methionine. Proteins were precipitated with 5% TCA containing 10 Mg/ml unlabeled methionine, and counted with a Mark I scintillation counter. Ct, chloroplasts At, amyloplasts (control) L, light-incubated D, dark-incubated. FIG. 2. Biosynthesis of RuBPCase in potato tuber tissue as assayed by Ouchterlony double diffusion 0 h (1), 6 h (2), 12 h (3), 24 h (4), 48 h (5), and 72 h (6) after illumination. The central well contained antibody to LS. One g of potato tuber discs was homogenized with 0. 1 ml of Tris 80 mm, MgCl2 20 mm, KCI 40 mM, pH 8. . After centrifugation at 12,000g for 10 min, 20 Ml of the supernatant were used for assay of RuBPCase. hundredth of the Chl heart and soul in normal leaves. This is primarily due to fewer chloroplasts per cell. The chloroplasts were not distributed uniformly in discs and were probably linked to some specific ultra social organisation in the cortex. Microscopic observation revealed that the amyloplasts were comprised of two types large (55 x 80 Mm) and small (5-20 Mum). Most of them were stainable with I2-KI. Upon exposure of the discs to light the small amyloplasts only glowering greenish.RuBPCase Biosynthesis in Potato Tuber during Greening. Since RuBPCase is the most abundant soluble protein in the chloroplasts (10), it can be used as an important biochemical marker of chloroplasts. The de novo synthesis of RuBPCase was clearly demo by ultracentrifugal sedimentation (data not shown) and specific immunoprecipitation (Fig. 2). The Schlieren pattern of extra cts from normal leaves consists of four elevations representing 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes, 70S chloroplast ribosomes, 18S instalment I protein (RuBPCase), and 4 to 6S Fraction II proteins (8, 9).The extract from potato tuber stored in the dark lacked the peak of RuBPCase, whereas a small peak was observed in discs exposed to 3 d of light, indicating the light one initiated the synthesis of RuBPCase (data not shown). The biosynthesis of RuBPCase was also present by an Ouchterlony double diffusion assay (Fig. 2). The light-mediated synthesis of RuBPCase started at 1 d after illumination and increased during greening. The RuBPCase content was estimated to be -6 ,ug/g fresh potato tuber tissue, whereas the RuBPCase content of a typical green leaf is 5 to 10 mg/g fresh tissue (10).Further evidence for the de novo synthesis of RuBPCase in light-treated potato tuber was obtained from the experiment on light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts. The chloroplasts, uncaring from potat o tuber discs after illumination for 7 d, exhibited a gamyer activity of protein synthesis, as demonstrated by the incorporation of 35Smethionine into proteins (Fig. 3). In contrast to light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts, the chloroplasts in the dark and especially amyloplasts, each in the light or dark, exhibited a very low protein synthesis activity.A number of radioactive polypeptides synthesized in the chloroplasts in the light were recognized on SDS-polyacrylamide gels followed by fluorography (Fig. 4). It was observed that some chloroplast polypeptides (mol wt 39,000, 50,000, 52,000, 55,000, 94,000, 96,000) were synthesized more readily in the light than in the dark. One of these polypeptides co-migrated with purified unlabeled LS of RuBPCase (mol wt 52,000), and was identified as the LS, based on this and results presented in underframe 2.There is also one strongly light-initiated polypeptide (mol wt 64,000) which does not appear in the dark. 02 Evolution of Chl oroplasts from Light-Induced Potato Tubers. Upon illumination with red light, the chloroplasts, isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs after 3 weeks of light treat- 144 Plant Physiol. Vol. 75, 1984 ZHU ET AL. sure to light, the amyloplasts are transformed into chloroplasts, which have a different function. The changes in ultrastructure of potato tuber amyloplasts during greening were investigated by negatron microscope.It was shown that the main developmental features were elongation of vesicles into thylakoids, the differentiation of grana and the appearance of ribosomes in the stroma (3), although the ultrastructure is generally less well unquestionable compared to that for normal leaves. On the other hand, there is very little information on biochemical alterations in potato tuber during greening. To confirm the transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts, this study provides some biochemical evidence (a) the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, (b) the synthesis o f RuBPCase and other proteins, and (c) Hill reaction activity.Before illumination the potato tubers contain no Chl or Pchl, but do contain carotenoid which increases during greening (1). Very low light intensity (400 lux) was required to initiate greening. The light may penetrate into the potato tuber discs and evoke the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts. During the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, assembly of Chl into the newly synthesized membranes occurs. rimy storage may cause the breakage of membranes (13) however, some studies suggested that amyloplast membranes remain intact in cold storage (14).It was frequently observed that the chloroplasts were formed as streaks in the potato tuber discs, suggesting a special structure is linked to the chloroplast development. The Schlieren pattern of the extracts from light-induced potato tuber tissue as well as its immunoprecipitation reaction with antiserum to RuBPCase demonstrated that RuBPCase, an important e nzyme in the photosynthetic carbon cycle, was de novo synthesized during greening. This result was further confirmed by the active light-dependent protein synthesis in the isolated chloroplasts.The biosynthesis of RuBPCase during greening suggests the involvement and operation of CO2 assimilation in the chloroplasts. Furthermore, the photosynthetic function of electron transport and 02 evolution in isolated chloroplasts from potato tuber was shown by the high Hill reaction activity. The transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts is absolutely light-dependent. The fact that red light did not stimulate this transformation indicates that phytochrome may not participate in this regulation. This coincides with the result that potato tuber does not have phytochrome (7).What is the photoreceptor in this light-induced organelle transformation? How does light turn on the genes for the development of chloroplasts, and turn off the genes for the development of amyloplasts? Undoubtedly, th is system provides an attractive and challenging model for investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the photoregulation of development and gene expression. FIG. 4. SDS-PAGE of light- (1) and dark- (d) initiated polypeptides synthesized in chloroplasts isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs. (R) photograph of stained gel. L) fluorograph of (R). Arrows indicate the mol wt of light-stimulated polypeptides and band corresponding to LS. Although the dark-incubated sample was more gruelling than the light-incubated sample (R), the fluorograph (L) indicates there was more incorporation of 35Smethionine into the light-induced polypeptides than into the dark-initiated polypeptides, demonstrating that more polypeptides were synthesized in the light than in the dark. The samples were incubated with 35Smethionine for 120 min. ment, evolved 02 development ferricyanide as an electron acceptor.This Hill reaction activity is comparably high (177 Amol 02/mg Chl h), indicatin g that an active electron transport reaction took place in this chloroplast preparation. DISCUSSION The cells of potato tuber contain a large number of amyloplasts, whose function is to accumulate and store starch in the form of reserve starch granules. It is of interest that upon expo- Acknowledgments-We thank Dr. Ray Webb of United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland for providing us with different varieties of potato, and F. J. Xi for her help in determination of Hill activity. LITERATURE CITEDDevelopment of chloroplasts from amyloplasts in potato tuber discs. New Phytol 72 449-463 2. ARNON DI 1949 Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase 1. ANSTIS PJP, DH NORTHCOTE 1973 in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24 1-15 3. 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